Many activities that employees carry out today are being automated. In Liberia, even though young women with access to job skills training enjoy higher monthly earnings—US$11 more than the comparison group—the cost of the program is US$1,650 per person.36 Thus 12 years of stable effects must pass for the training program to recoup its costs. In Bangladesh, this share fell by almost 20 percentage points during the same period.4, Annual average change in employment share, by occupation skill level, circa 2000–circa 2015. Some 250 million children under age 5 are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential in low- and middle-income countries because of stunting or extreme poverty. Adult learning programs come in many different forms. Yet, according to the World Development Report 2018, the acquisition of foundational skills that one would expect to happen in schools is not occurring in many low- and middle-income countries.9. Part of the problem is that many workers are struggling to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by technological disruption. As for delivery, flexible adult learning programs allow adults to learn at their convenience. Well-known examples of successful university innovation clusters are located in the developed world—in the United States at Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley (Silicon Valley), and Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston’s Route 128); in the United Kingdom at the University of Cambridge–University of Oxford–University College London (the “golden triangle”). Find the latest eLibrary content related to COVID-19 (coronavirus) here. This makes the concept of lifelong learning an absolute necessity if you want to not only stay relevant, but keep growing in the face of disruption. First, prioritize the right university for the right sector. Infographic explaining how the labour market is quite strong, highly educated workers are now more in demand, and they experience stronger labour market outcomes than workers with less education. The role of tertiary education systems as centers of innovation is highly valued as well. Effective pathways to early childhood development are available. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the adoption of digital technology has placed more importance on general cognitive skills and raised the demand for workers with interpersonal skills. Besides content, many MOOCs fail on student engagement or instructor quality. Children from poor families are the least likely to attend early childhood development programs (figure 4.4). We work closely with governments and partners so that every 5-year-old is ready to learn, every 10-year-old is ready to succeed in school, and every 18-year-old is prepared for life and work – aiming to have all children and young people developing the necessary skills at each phase of life. While an increase in the incidence of non-standard work could pose challenges for workers, over the past 20 years the incidence of this type of work has not increased, but it may rise in the future. © 2021 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved. Worldwide, more than 2.1 billion working-age adults (ages 15–64) have low reading proficiency. Including motivational tools such as financial rewards, work experience, or frequent feedback have all been shown to boost adult learning. © 2018 KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and the U.S. member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. But many adult learning programs fail to generate a meaningful impact. We estimate that 900,000 hours of training will be conducted there each year. In Chile, the return to tertiary education ranges from 4 percent for humanities to 126 percent for engineering and technology.25 Tertiary enrollment and expenditure also vary considerably by region (figure 4.5). Analysis of the job markets in Denmark, France, Germany, the Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, and Switzerland reveals that a one standard deviation increase in complex problem-solving skills is associated with a 10–20 percent higher wage.5 In Armenia and Georgia, the ability to solve problems and learn new skills yields a wage premium of nearly 20 percent.6, The demand for sociobehavioral skills is also increasing in developing countries. Joseph Aoun, president of Northeastern University and author of the new book, “Robot-Proof,” argues that lifelong education is critical to keeping workers and their employers competitive. Quality early childhood development programs enable children to learn. And Turkey’s vocational training had no significant impacts on overall employment, and the positive effects on employment quality faded in the long term. For adult literacy programs, dropout rates are often high, ranging from 17 percent in Niger to 58 percent in India.39. Rethinking work for the augmented workforce. Early investments in such services would alleviate this constraint. The question of how each job will change, adapt, or … The relevance of tertiary education systems for the future of work depends on how well they deliver on these three fronts. The ability to adapt quickly to changes is increasingly valued by the labor market. Technology-enabled platforms are making tertiary education more available, especially for those with historically low access. They also make future skills acquisition more resilient to uncertainty. Develop skills and talent for the changing nature of work and lifelong achievement The way we work, and the skills that Auckland's economy requires, is constantly evolving. In the digital era, advances in technology call for new skills seemingly overnight. According to the World Economic Forum, 35% of the skills that workers needed in 2018 – regardless of industry – will have changed by 2020. And, it provides us with the ability to extend learning opportunities to our clients. Finally, the nature of work encompasses the way work affects and relates to other aspects of daily life—the standards of living it produces for workers and their families, its relationship to community life, ... as workers respond by acquiring more skills. Demographics and diversity. A pool of unemployed adults is a political risk as well as an economic concern. Adult learning is an important channel for readjusting skills to fit in the future of work, but it would benefit from a serious design rethink. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds benefited more in both the short and long term.22 In Tonga, organizing playgroups for children up to age 5 significantly improved their early-grade reading skills. This kind of learning is especially germane to skills readjustment amid demographic change—be it the aging populations of East Asia and Eastern Europe or the large youth populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This section mainly focuses on three types that are particularly relevant to preparing adults for the changing labor markets: programs on adult literacy; skills training for wage employment; and entrepreneurship programs. The program has also demonstrated strong education effects, with participants more likely to complete secondary school and to pursue higher education eight years after the training. This kind of learning is especially germane to skills readjustment amid demographic change—be it the aging populations of East Asia and Eastern Europe or the large youth populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Blom et al. It is crucial that current and future workers have the relevant tools to succeed. This signi­ficant investment in our professionals will ensure they continue to have access to opportunities to enrich themselves and stay connected to our values and culture. By contrast, vocational training, such as programs on nursing or airport operations, is directly related to specific occupations. Lifelong learning offers individuals the opportunity to keep their knowledge current, learn new skills, and pursue a wide variety of interests through intellectual growth and expansion. Adult learning programs are more successful when they are explicitly linked to employment opportunities. In Niger, students who received instruction via their mobile phones as part of an adult education program achieved reading and math scores that were significantly higher than those who did not. She is a governing board member for the Center for Audit Quality as well as a board member for the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, NAF, and LUNGevity. In 2018 a marketing professional might well be asked to write algorithms. Three factors make flexibility between the general and technical tracks imperative for the changing nature of work. Creating a skilled workforce for the future of work rests on the growing demand for advanced cognitive skills, sociobehavioral skills, and adaptability. There are jobs that 20 years ago were not imaginable. The world of work is undergoing major changes Tertiary education systems should guarantee a minimum threshold of transferable cognitive skills, which are the best inoculation against job uncertainty. The changing nature of work makes tertiary education more attractive in three ways. Adult learning can be improved in three ways: more systematic diagnoses of the specific constraints that adults are facing; pedagogies that are customized to the adult brain; and flexible delivery models that fit in well with adult lifestyles. Imagine you went to sleep and woke up to a work day in 1960. Colombia’s Jóvenes en Acción (Youth in Action) program combines classroom instruction with on-the-job training at private companies. Globally, some 260 million people ages 15–24 are out of school and out of work. Lynne Doughtie is Chairman and CEO of KPMG LLP, one of the world’s leading professional services firms. This report provides a snapshot of today’s Australian labour market, the forces that are shaping it, and the blind-spots that need to be addressed if we are to succeed in a … This is a problem. Data are available for 112 economies. An experiment among young adults shows that offering rewards increases long-term performance gains after training. • Cloud computing, information sharing and big data continue to change the nature of work and enable integrated operating centres so more work can be performed remotely and more flexibly. The global average private return to tertiary education is 16 percent.23 But such a return is not high for everyone. Lynne began her career in KPMG’s Audit practice and has served in a number of national, regional, and global leadership roles. 26. So is the relative demand for workers able to handle nonroutine tasks that cannot be automated easily, such as food preparation. These approaches have improved the critical thinking skills of students. Just because successful innovation clusters exist does not mean there is a guaranteed formula for their creation. Low participation in adult learning programs is a sign that they are not always the answer. Tertiary systems have not remained impervious to these changing demands—general and vocational tracks often intersect. In all regions of the world, these skills are consistently ranked among those most valued by employers. A quality preschool strengthens children’s executive functions (such as working memory, flexible thinking, self-control), launching them on higher learning trajectories. 3. Our careers are not ladders, right? Meanwhile, many current jobs are being retooled into new forms, resulting in new and sometimes unexpected skill combinations. First, the combination of general and technical skills is becoming highly valued. This success stems from a transparent admissions process (national competitive entry examinations), as well as a competitive state financing program for individual students based on academic performance. Human Capital and Lifelong Learning Social Protection and Labor Policies Revenue Mobilization Three Areas For Policy Action: 19. of lifelong learning and the pertinence of continuing skill acquisition for economic and social life, we currently have very limited knowledge in Canada or elsewhere of the extent, modes and effectiveness of people’s acquisition of new skills and knowledge in relation to the changing nature of work (OECD,2001). We need more children who read pro­ficiently, more high school graduates prepared for college and future careers, and more workers keeping pace with disruptive technology. ... the changing nature of work. Early childhood investments efficiently produce skills that are relevant to a child’s future. In Mexico, the Research and Technology Innovation Park currently houses more than 30 research centers covering research and development in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and robotics. Controlling for other factors, students attending a top university in Colombia earn 20 percent more than those who just failed to achieve the score required for university admission.24 The return also varies dramatically depending on the specialization. Filling in information gaps enables students to make choices between and within different paths. Incorporating more general education in tertiary programs is one way to increase the acquisition of transferable higher-order cognitive skills. XuetangX, China’s biggest MOOC and blended learning portal, was serving 10 million students in 2018. Nelson Mandela, the first president of postapartheid South Africa, once said, “Education is the great engine of personal development. In Ghana, adult literacy programs have yielded labor market returns of more than 66 percent.31 The Mexican National Institute for Adult Education has developed flexible modules to deliver education programs equivalent to a primary or secondary education. We need more professors like Michelle Harding. The changing nature of careers 13. The Montessori model, characterized by multiage classrooms, student-chosen learning activities, and minimal instruction, has been shown to be more effective than conventional education in improving children’s executive functions. Workers need to be good at complex problem-solving, teamwork and adaptability. The demand for skills linked to home appliance repair, for example, is shrinking quickly because technology is driving down the price of appliances and improving reliability. For children exposed to poverty and other adverse conditions, quality early childhood programs increase adult competence, reduce violent behavior and social inhibition, and foster growth in the subsequent generation. An additional dollar invested in quality early childhood programs yields a return of US$6–$17.16, Early childhood development programs improve parents’ labor force participation. Depending on the relative speed of these forces, some developing countries are seeing an increase in middle-skill jobs; others are seeing a decline. Education systems, however, tend to resist change. All Rights Reserved, This is a BETA experience. Adults face various binding constraints that limit the effectiveness of traditional approaches to learning. Yet, in the U.S. alone, more than 1.2 million students drop out of high school every year, and less than 40 percent of graduating seniors have mastered reading and math. In the past, shifts in skill requirements prompted by technological progress took centuries to manifest themselves (figure 4.2). Forgot password? Clusters are also emerging in middle-income countries. Technology is making our world smaller and more connected, but also more complicated. In a fast-changing world, only our higher-order thinking skills can keep us aware, engaged, and growing. Skills Gap. Vocational training for the unemployed often improves short-run earnings but not always long-run employment. Chairman and CEO of KPMG LLP It also will help ensure they remain ready and able to deliver the highest quality service to our clients, our communities and the capital markets we serve. Under the World Bank’s Nepal: Adolescent Girls Employment Initiative, vocational training for women has increased employment outside of agriculture by 174 percent.32 Argentina’s Entra21 program is providing adult skills training and internships, resulting in 40 percent higher earnings for its participants.33 Kenya’s Ninaweza program is offering skills training to young women living in informal settlements in Nairobi. The five largest distance-learning programs are based in lower- or middle-income countries. Technological change makes it harder to anticipate which job-specific skills will thrive and which will become obsolete in the near future. This information is also useful for customizing skills training. As economies rejig to provide the human capital of the next generation, the current working-age population becomes anxious about its job prospects. One of our clients calls their image for a career is a jungle gym; my image is a portfolio, that our careers are portfolios of lifelong reinvention. An additional year of general education was added in 2012 to undergraduate programs in Hong Kong SAR, China, focusing on problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, leadership, and lifelong learning skills. skills over time. A significant part of the readjustment in the supply of skills is happening outside of compulsory education and formal jobs. In Uganda, workers with more certifiable, transferrable skills have higher employment rates, higher earnings, and greater labor market mobility. In Cameroon, 54,000 people who participated in a program that coupled training with financial assistance found employment.42 Combining skills training with skills certificates, referral letters, and better information about job opportunities also may enhance effectiveness, especially for women. Like many socially responsible organizations, KPMG and its people support a wide range of initiatives that seek to bene­fit society and safeguard the environment—donating more than $105 million to nonpro­fits in 2017 and logging over 500,000 volunteer hours during the year. Second, tertiary education increases the demand for lifelong learning. The solution? Administrative data from India’s massive National Rural Employment Guarantee Act program has offered powerful insights into local labor markets. In 2014 the dropout rate from a lower secondary general education was, on average, 27.5 percent in low-income countries and 13.3 percent and 4.8 percent in middle- and high-income countries, respectively.30 It is difficult for early school leavers to find jobs or pursue further education later in life without formal certification and training in skills. With successful local adaptations, Montessori and other child-centered approaches—including Steiner, Reggio Emilia, and Tools of the Mind—can be found in diverse settings, from Haiti to Kenya. So if we work for decades more and we spend three or four years at a job, and the half-life of skills is coming down, then we will have many, many, many careers. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Chile’s Crece Contigo program integrates the services provided by the health, education, welfare, and protection services so that a child’s first contact with the system occurs while still in the womb during the mother’s first prenatal visit. India is the second-largest consumer of massive open online courses (MOOCs). For example, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania offer “bridging” arrangements that enable vocational graduates to continue to university. Across a sample of 14 low- and middle-income countries, rural dwellers consistently have worse access to early childhood development programs, compared with those living in urban areas.21, Proportion of children ages 3–4 years attending early education programs among the poorest 20 percent of households, selected countries, circa 2014. The Chilean Micro Entrepreneurship Support Program boosted self-employment by 15 percentage points in the short run, but it is not clear how much of this can be attributed to the 60-hour business training or the US$600 capital injection.38. Technology is changing how people work and … Globalization is bringing the low- and medium-skill jobs of developed countries to some—but not all—developing countries. Many rich countries are trying to equip a smaller, older workforce with new skills for the changing nature of work, to sustain economic growth. In the program, 3- to 6-year-olds had to follow academic-oriented instruction and even sit for exams.15 In Peru, although the national Wawa Wasi program has provided safe community-based daycare and a nutritious diet for children from ages 4 to 6 in impoverished areas, it has failed to improve children’s language or motor development skills because of insufficiently trained caregivers. The relative returns to general and vocational education are changing in unpredictable ways, and most economies continue to demand both. As part of the Startup India initiative, seven new research parks have been established on Indian Institute of Technology campuses to promote innovation through incubation and collaboration between universities and private sector firms. There is tremendous scope for improving the design of adult learning programs using insights from neuroscience and behavioral economics. Lifelong learning has a major role to play in addressing the skills gap between what students have traditionally learned in formal education and what employers and the labour market demands. Based on world Bank ’ s massive National Rural employment guarantee Act program has offered insights... In middle-skill jobs is more heterogeneous across countries time management, effective communication, and better delivery educated! 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In tertiary programs is one way to improve equality of opportunity and non-cognitive skills – are crucial of and...